Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. 22. Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. But those familiar borders only held for four years. HISTORY United States: world's fourth largest country in terms of area #1: Russia #2: Canada #3: China migration: the movement of people within a country or region . Acquisition: An acquisition is a corporate action in which a company buys most, if not all, of another firm's ownership stakes to assume control of it. The same builders who built the famous New York and Pennsylvania suburbs constructed a planned community in Puerto Rico. The comparison is enlightening. 15. can i please get some help with this :) Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. conduct an article review of this chapter, using the format below: It has proved to be such an enduring category of analysis because of its capaciousness. Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided Even as presidents disavowed territorial conquest, they dropped bombs, seized markets, meddled in foreign politics, and Coca-colonized the world. These were, it is important to state, not novelty maps. But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods. It has to do also with something deeper: our conception of the United States. Daniel Immerwahr, The Greater United States: Territory and Empire in U.S. History , Diplomatic History, Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2016, Pages 373391, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhw009, March 1954 is a month diplomatic historians know well. A helpful account of the Wisconsin School is Morgans Into New Territory . Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior, Annexed in settlement with Britain and Germany;
Imperialism in Puerto Rico (Berkeley, CA, 2002); Katherine T. McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest: The U.S. Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico (New Brunswick, NJ, 2002); Noenoe K. Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2004); Warwick Anderson, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Durham, NC, 2006); Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill, NC, 2006); Julian Go, American Empire and the Politics of Meaning Elite Political Cultures and the Philippines and Puerto Rico during U.S. Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2008); Julie Greene, The Canal Builders: Making Americas Empire at the Panama Canal (New York, 2009); Jana K. Lipman, Guantnamo: A Working-Class History between Empire and Revolution (Berkeley, CA, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy, Policing Americas Empire: The United States, the Philippines and the Rise of the Surveillance State (Madison, WI, 2009); Anne L. Foster, Projections of Power: The United States and Europe in Colonial Southeast Asia (Durham, NC, 2010); Lanny Thompson, Imperial Archipelago: Representation and Rule in the Insular Territories under U.S. Dominion after 1898 (Honolulu, HI, 2010); and Julian Go, Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present (Cambridge, 2011). In other words, if you looked up in late 1945 and saw the stars and stripes waving overhead, it was more likely that you lived in a colony or occupied country than that you lived on the mainland. "Copyright by the National Publishing Company, Boston, Mass." ed. for $10 million, plus $250,000 annually; ceded to Panama
They appeared frequently at the front of atlases or as the main maps of the United States in textbooks. That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. In 1960, the non-state population including D.C. was 2.6% and it stayed between 1% and 3% thereafter. James R. Blaker, United States Overseas Basing: An Anatomy of the Dilemma (New York, 1990), 33. 10. That figure excludes secret bases and some bases smaller than ten acres. Includes note, list to poplulation by states, and a bar graph showing the National Publishing Company (Boston, Mass.). 286,541. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States : For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.-Native American treaties . Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. On the Insular Cases and the legal questions of empire see especially Christina Duffy Burnett and Marshall Burke, eds., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (Durham, NC, 2001); Christina Duffy Burnett, Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation, University of Chicago Law Review 72 (2005): 797879; Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS, 2006); Kal Raustiala, Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? Imperialism, 19151940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001); Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Mexican Cession. The reason for Oklahomas long period of territorial subjugation is that, for the majority of the nineteenth century, it wasnt Oklahoma but Indian Territory, a legally defined but unorganized all-Indian territory within the United States. See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). for $25 million; currently an organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Dept. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. 24. Id like to propose a different unit of analysis, one that counts all of the land over which the United States claims sovereignty as part of the country, and as part of its history. It featured a clean division between home front and battlefield and left the United States largely unscathed, with the sole and notable exception of the attack on Hawaii at Pearl Harbor. 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. The most thorough account of Hawaiian martial law is Harry N. Scheiber and Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: A Half-Century Retrospect on Martial Law in Hawaii, 19411946, University of Hawaii Law Review 19 (1997): 477648. Shattuc, W. B. of the Interior, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently uninhabited;
Title from title sheet. 6 Although this is strange to contemplate, we are now as chronologically distant from that book as that book was from the Philippine-American War. - 37, To that accounting should be added the overseas military bases that the United States took during the warthe third arc in the history of the Greater United States. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. Cover-title. 38. This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. Major accounts include Federico Ribes Tovar, Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary , trans. 6. 3. Speech of Hon. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. 29, September 1, 1949, 3; American Samoa (16): American Samoa Statistical Digest (Pago Pago: 1994), 17; Guam and Micronesia (35 together): Hal Friedman, Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 194547 (Westport, CT, 2001), 122; U.S. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as diss., University of Michigan, 2011); Peter Bacon Hales on atomic testing on the Bikini atoll in Outside the Gates of Eden: The Dream of America from Hiroshima to Now (Chicago, IL, 2014), ch. 14. Acquisitions Incorporated was an adventuring company from the Sword Coast. But historians have come to understand African-American history as central to U.S. history. This was a war, not over latitudes but points, in which particular spots on the mapthe Green Zone in Iraq, black-site prisons sprinkled throughout foreign countries, Guam, Guantnamo Bay, the all-important military base of Diego Garciatook on outsize significance. CLASS Discussion Board 5: The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States: For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.Native American treaties. Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. stream
DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 18571904 0 1000 ASIA 1847 1898 1898 '899 thitedStatespssessims (withdate acqus&n) ofinnuee theUnitedStates STATESMidwayis.1867 WakeL 1899 189 1858 1898 How4andt. 2007-228. Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. On the eve of the Second World War, the United States had the worlds fifth-largest empire on the planet by population. Cover title. Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge, Jr., American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Trumanand the Shoot-Out That Stopped It (New York, 2005), 266. 46. On U.S. military calculations in the reconquest of the Philippines, see Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott, and Duncan Anderson, The Battle for Manila (London, 1995). Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. It was when the Viet Minh attacked the French air base at Dien Bien Phu, which ultimately pulled the United States into the Vietnam War. Then there is the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School in the mass-produced suburb of Levittown. Yet Williamss school regarded 1898 as symptomatic rather than substantive: the small and visible tip of a much larger imperial iceberg. 43 These little Americas wereand arepockets of extraterritorial control scattered throughout the world. 31 Over the course of the war, Japan attacked every inhabited Pacific colony that the United States held, and it occupied the Philippines, Guam, Wake, and part of Alaska. commonwealth status as Federated States of
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J. Edgar Hoover to Harry Hopkins, July 17, 1943, FBIPR Files, Pedro Albizu Campos, FBI File No. To speak only of formal acquisitions, . Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford,CA, 1951). Despite a great deal of research that has been donewithin American Studies departments, within history departmentscolonized people and overseas territories still rarely feature in broad narratives about the United States. The books in this collection are in the public domain and are free to use and reuse. Get Your Custom Essay on, United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence But the second arc, concerning overseas territories, is regarded as less so. The logo-map silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims
The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. The organization consisted of several groups of adventurers for hire that acted more or less independently under the company's charter. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. 1857-1904 - Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. 42, More to the point, even as the United States was partially divesting from colonies, it was consolidating its investments in a new form of territory: military bases. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. Zone in Austria (2,650): John D. Hilldring, American Policy in Occupied Areas (Washington, DC: 1947), 24; U.S. The tacit assumption is that the empire didnt matter for what came next. Though the overseas basing system shrank considerably in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the United States held onto hundreds of bases. Islands. The question of territory was there from the start. 29,670. under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War;
For a fuller picture of how colonial encounters might change larger narratives of U.S. history, consider the Second World War. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Philippines Island, Midway Island, Guam and more. 39. 1959, Annexation of independent republic; Statehood 1959, Acquired with Hawaii; under the jurisdiction of the
5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of
It languished as a territory for 104 years between annexation and statehood. U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. To speak only of formal acquisitions, explained Thomas McCormick, was just an intellectual game that the previous generation of historians had played to avoid confronting the centrality of American expansion to U.S. history. 7 Once one looked beyond colonies to the informal empire, the expansive force of the United States became apparent. 3 Albizu founded Puerto Ricos Army of Liberation in the 1930s. annually; ceded to Panama in 1999, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an
The history of American expansion and the story of our new possessions. Vendor: Bernard J. Shapero Books (London) Acquisitions control no. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. Its common in our field to emphasize the year 1898 and the war with Spain. independent as Kiribati
38, Yet from its territorial apex, the United States did something unprecedented. * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. 36. I am counting the time between when a territory was annexed to the United States to the time it was admitted to the Union as a state. Oregon Territory. 27. Law Club (Chicago, Ill.) - Smith, Howard Leslie. It would be easy to round those points down to zero, just as it has been easy to round the western territories up to states. : The Evolution of Territoriality in American Law (Oxford, 2009); and Gerald L. Neuman and Tomiko Brown-Nagin, eds., Reconsidering the Insular Cases: The Past and Future of American Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2015). Jimmy M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York, 1994), 199. 3 0 obj
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The contraction of the basing network is chronicled in Blaker, United States Overseas Basing , chap. As the 1898 generation saw, a full history of the Greater United States is not just the story of overseas territories, but also of western ones. Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. 9. United States--Foreign relations, - <>
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Two weeks before Dien Bien Phu, four nationalists entered the House of Representatives in Washington, D.C., made their way to the upstairs Ladies Gallery, unfurled a Puerto Rican flag, pulled out pistols, and fired 29 rounds into the body politic below them. 37. 5 (2011): 134891. Interior, Leased from Panama for $10 million, plus $250,000
That list includes some of the most written-about figures in U.S. history: John Pershing, George C. Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, and Dwight Eisenhower. in 1999, Purchased from Denmark
Map of A map of the United States showing the growth of the nation from 1783 to1853. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. If this comes as news to you, youre in good company. Available also Peabody, M. M. (Moody Morse) - Peabody, M. M. Wall map. John O'Sullivan (1813-1895), famously proclaimed that it was "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence." But thats not it. Treaty of Paris
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More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . One might think its because U.S. historians are exceptionalists and dont pay attention to empire. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). Once again, the Greater United States is coming into view. Despite his extraordinary career, Albizu doesnt have much of a place in U.S. historiography. Congress officially annexed Alaska in 1884 America Acquires Alaska U. 529,189. Who was Gregorio Cortez and what happened to him. Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. Certainly, in terms of size, current overseas holdings dont add up to muchall U.S. overseas territory today, including military bases, comprises an area smaller than Connecticut. in 1979, United Nations Trust Territory; self-governing as Northern
30. The literature on U.S. empire is truly voluminous. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a
(To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. 1857. 28. Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? Mariana Islands, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 most islands adopt
Passage to statehood did come quickly in some cases, such as gold-rush California. They had even more people in the past. In that sense, the overseas colonies are the key to the Greater United States. After thousands of whites poured into the territory, many in breach of federal law, it was eventually admitted as a white-majority state in 1907. The promotion of Hawaii and Alaska to statehood can be seen as part of the global decolonization movement. Nevertheless, 8.85% is probably slightly high because, although it does not count black Filipinos and Guamanians (presumably very low numbers in 1940), it classes all non-white Puerto Ricans as black, whereas many were non-black. uninhabited; National Wildlife Refuge, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a
Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. Purchased from Mexico for $10 million. Frank Ninkovich offers an overview of the historiography in The United States and Imperialism, in Robert D. Schulzinger, ed., A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Malden, MA, 2003), 79102. But those familiar borders only held for four years. (Santo Domingo, 1998). There is a K-8 school named after him in Harlem: P.S. The highest office in the U.S. Army is chief of staff, established in 1903. The Territory of the United States, 1845-1886 A map from 1886 of the United States showing the territories ceded by Mexico and the acquisition of Alaska. Not only have we learned to tell the history of these places, but weve gone back and realized the importance of other small spaces: including Vieques, Baguio, Kwajalein, and the Bikini atoll. Thus, in these cases of partial annexation, I use 1803 as the start date for LA, MN, ND, SD, MT, OK, and WY; 1845 as the start date for CO and NM; and 1848 as the start date for AZ. It had also laid claim to nearly all of Micronesia. Baker Island Howland Island . 3 (1933): 44874. All instructions are in the template file. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. Counting Negroes on the mainland, American Samoa, Hawai'i, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Alaska; nonwhites in Puerto Rico; Negro and Negro-mixed in the Panama Canal Zone; and no one in the Philippines and Guam (for which racial breakdowns were not incorporated into the U.S. census) places U.S. blacks at 8.85% of the population. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, - Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. But it is still a significant figure. The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. That is, for perspective, substantially longer than the French possessed Indochina or than King Leopold and Belgium held the Congo. 16. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904. After all, many groups have contested U.S. rule, from Southern confederates to black nationalists. It is one of the longest serving continuously operating offices in the Office of the Secretary of Defense and has been recognized for the excellence of its publications and programs for over a half century. But California was the extreme. For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. (Oxford, 1989). That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. With time, Indian Territory was whittled down to Oklahoma. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood
Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. As a result of the United States' multiple acquisitionsincluding Hawaii and the Philippinesduring the late 1800s, the period is referred to by some as the nation's age of U.S. _____. Why do you think so many of these new possessions were islands located in the Pacific Ocean? It is tempting to think that the overseas territories can be safely dismissed in this way because they were small and remote. Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. Nationalism waxed, imperialism waned. 12. Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. See also Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U. S. Global Defense Posture, 17832001 (Santa Monica, CA, 2012). William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, OH, 1959). state.gov. Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton, Hart-Bolton History Maps (Chicago, IL, 1917), map A24. WhatsApp Chat is free, download and try it now here! Consider that, in 1940, African Americans made up less than nine percent of the population. According to U.S. Bureau of the Census, Reports on Population, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940 , vol. for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain
We are seeing within the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) a surge of interest in the many spaces that the United States has controlled outside of its mainland. To get a better sense of this, consider the historiographic fate of the Philippines, the largest U.S. colony by an order of magnitude, in our most prominent historical journals. After Albizu went to prison, his supporters held a march in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and were gunned down by the police. Gift; Howard Roscoe; 1997. United States--Colonial question, -
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